书城教材教辅用美国小学课本学英语
3072400000008

第8章 Social Life社会生活(8)

Electric cords should be checked before they are plugged into the wall outlet. The insulation should not be worn thin or broken. All electric cords should be in sight and not covered by rugs or heavy furniture. Electric equipment should always be turned off when not being used. Stay away from electric poles or boxes. Never go near a fallen or hanging wire.

Vocabulary 词汇

lightning ["laitni?] n. 闪电;

adj. 闪电般的、快速的

spark [spɑ:k] n. 火花、火星、丝毫;

vi. 发出火星、发出闪光;

vt. 使大感兴趣

kite [kait] n. 风筝

electron [i"lektr?n] n. 电子

proton ["pr?ut?n] n. 质子

neutral ["nju:tr?l] adj. 中立的、不偏不倚的、暗淡的、不带电的;

n. 中立人士、中立国

electrode [i"lektr?ud] n. 电极

electrolyte [i"lektr?ulait] n. 电解、电解液

battery ["b?t?ri] n. (蓄)电池(组)、排炮、炮组、一套

conductor [k?n"d?kt?] n. (乐队)指挥、售票员、列车长、〈电〉导体

copper ["k?p?] n. 铜、铜币

aluminum ["?lju:"minj?m] n. 〈美〉铝

insulator ["insjuleit?] n. 绝缘、隔热或隔音等的物质或装置

rubber ["r?b?] n. (合成)橡胶、橡皮、黑板擦、橡胶套鞋

circuit ["s?:kit] n. 电路、线路、环行道

cord [k?:d] n. (细)绳、灯心绒裤

fuse [fju:z] vt. & vi. 熔化、融合、合并;

n. 保险丝、熔丝、导火线、引信

faucet ["f?:sit] n. 〈美〉水龙头

route [ru:t] n. 路、路线、路程

outlet ["autlet] n. 出口、出路、发泄的途径、经销店

rug [r?ɡ] n. 小块地毯

Practice

Write true or false.

1.Protons are found in the center of the atom.

2.Only protons can travel out of an atom.

3.All objects are made up of atoms.

4.When an atom has an equal number of negative and positive charges, it is neutral.

5.When an object has more protons than electrons, the object is neutral.

6.Franklin’s experiment was a very dangerous one.

7.Scientists do not know all about electricity.

Match these items.

1.Ben Franklin 2.circuit

3.switch 4.Volta

5.insulation 6.conductor

a.electricity that flows b.covering

c.circuit breaker d.copper wire

e.discovered battery f.lightning and electricity

译文

科学家们意识到原来他们还没有完全了解电,他们知道电是如何起作用的,但是却不知道电为什么会起到这样的作用。

掌握电的关键因素之一就是要了解闪电。当带有电荷的云朵在移动相互靠近时或者是云朵靠近地面时,我们就会看见巨大的火花,我们叫这些火花为闪电。本杰明·富兰克林做了一个著名的实验,他把一把钥匙拴在了风筝的末端,而且在雷雨天把风筝放到了空中。风筝就带上了电荷,此时空中的钥匙发出的火花打到了他的手指上。通过这个危险的实验,富兰克林证明了闪电就是电。

原子、电子和电三者是相关的。所有的物质都是由原子组成的,每个原子都是由更微小的质子和电子组成的。

质子在原子的中心,并且一直保持不变,不会偏移出来。电子在质子的周围到处游动,并且很可能从原子中逸出。当电子从一个原子转移另外一个原子,那么物体就被充电了。得到电子的物体带负电,当物体的正负电荷数目相等时,物体表现出电中性。

虽然科学家们知道闪电是一种电,但是却不知道要如何利用它。闪电一闪而过,电要被利用,就必须是要能流动的。流动的电就是电流。

一位名叫伏特的意大利科学家有了一个重大的发现。他发现当两块不同的金属用一根线连接在一起后,并且这根线中存放了一种特殊的流质,电荷就会在这根线中流动。这两块金属是电极,而这种流质就叫做电解质。于是伏特发现了如何制作“湿电池”。

电流必须要有导体,导体是能够导电的材料。大多数的金属都是很好的导体,但是有些金属的导电性能会比其他的金属要好,如铜和铝。在金属丝的外面包上一层绝缘层就可以避免电流从导线中流到其他物质。电流不能流过绝缘体,而且非常的不安全,所以在没有绝缘的情况下绝对不能用电流。常用作绝缘材料的物质有橡胶、玻璃和布料。

导电的金属丝叫做电路,电流必须要流经一个完整的电路。那就是说,电流从电池流出,最后再流入电池。往往用开关来控制电路的通断,电路断开,电流就不能在电路中流动。当开关打开时,电路中没有电流,当开关闭合时,电路中才有电流。

电有很多用途,如果利用恰当,那么对很多工作都很有帮助。电能给家带来光亮,能开动火车,举高重物。如果利用得不恰当,那就很危险。在带电工作情况下应该记住的一些规则已在下面列出。

我们应该遵从以下规则和安全措施:

1.在接触开关、电线、保险丝或者是任何电器前,手必须是干的。

2.在带电工作的情况下,不要让你身体的任何部分接触到水管或者是水龙头。

3.在带电工作的情况下,不要站在水中或者是湿地上。

4.检查所有的电线电缆,确保所有线的绝缘性很好。

除了这些规则外,在布有电线的建筑物里还应采取一定的安全措施来防止火灾的发生。一个防止火灾的有效方法就是在电线中装入保险丝,保险丝就是一条装在绝缘管中的一段很细的金属。如果有大电流流过电线,保险丝就会被融化,切断电流。断路器也能防止电线流经大电流,它的功能与保险丝一样,但是却不用保险丝替代。断路器开关能恢复到闭合状态,从而实现续流。

在将塞绳插入电源插座前,应对其进行检查,绝缘层可能会被磨损或者是毁坏。所有的塞绳都必须可见,不能让地毯或者是重的家具掩盖。电器设备不用时应关闭电源。远离电极或者是电盒,不要靠近断落的或者是悬挂的电线。

练习

判断正误。

1.质子在原子的中心。

2.仅有质子能从原子逸出。

3.所有的物质都由原子组成。

4.当原子中正负电荷数量相等时,原子呈电中性。

5.当物体中的质子数比电子数多时,物体呈电中性。

6.富兰克林的实验是非常危险的。

7.科学家还没有完全了解电。

搭配下列各项。

1.本杰明·富兰克林 a.流动的电

2.电流 b.覆盖物

3.开关 c.断路器

4.伏特 d.铜线

5.绝缘体 e.发明电池

6.导体 f.闪电和电

判断正误:

1.true     2.false     3.true

4.true     5.false     6.true

7.true

搭配各项:

1→f      2→a      3→c

4→e      5→b      6→d

10 Choose Snacks 教你怎么吃零食

Snack is food eaten between main meals; it serves different functions in our daily diet. For instance, healthy nutritious snacks can help people with low dietary intake, poor appetite or who are underweight to replenish the deficiency in main meals, and to increase their nutritional intakes. For healthy people, try to choose healthy snacks with appropriate portions, so that appetite for the next main meals would not be affected and additional weight gain would be minimized.

Here are some tips for choosing snacks:

1. Avoid high fat snacks

Since high fat snacks may lead to overweight easily, and snacks containing high saturated fat like coconut oil, butter and animal fat etc. may increase blood cholesterol level, therefore, it is discouraged to eat those high fat snacks. Examples of high saturated fat snacks include cookies, wafer biscuits, cakes, egg tart etc.; oily deep-fried snacks include deep-fried chicken wing and French fries.

2. Cut down high sugar content snacks

Sugar increases the energy of foods. Choosing snacks with lower sugar content would reduce caloric intake and play an important role in body weight management. High sugar content snacks include dessert soup, cakes, chocolate, soft drinks, sweetened juices and tinned fruit etc.

3. Avoid high sodium snacks

Eating high sodium foods over a period of time may increase blood pressure, so choose more often snacks with lower sodium content, and avoid choosing snacks added with salty seasonings and containing preserved meat. High sodium snacks include chili and salty chicken wing, sausage, bacon, luncheon meat, nuts added with salt and preserved plum etc.

4. Choose more often high fiber snacks

Dietary fiber has different functions in our body; it would benefit overweight people as it gives the sense of satiety, and in turn lower their food intakes. Dietary fiber would also benefit people with hypercholesterolemia because of its possible lipid lowering effect. Apart from this, fiber helps to relieve constipation and to lower the incidence of certain types of intestinal diseases.

Examples of high fiber snacks include all kinds of fruits like apple, banana, orange, cherry tomato, oatmeal, wholemeal bread, whole wheat biscuit, and beans like red bean or kidney bean etc.

5. Have appropriate portions of snacks and snack time

Portion sizes of snacks should be appropriate and not in excess. Snack time can be arranged between two main meals in order not to affect the appetite. It is discouraged to have snacks just before going to bed; otherwise indigestion and weight gain may be resulted.

Vocabulary 词汇

nutritious[nju:"tri??s] adj. 有营养的,滋养的

minimize["minimaiz] v. 使减少,极度轻视;

adj. 最小化的,使达到最低限度的

saturated ["s?t??reitid] adj. 饱和的,深颜色的;

v. 使渗透,使饱和(saturate的过去式)

biscuits ["biskits] n. 饼干,小面包(biscuit的复数形式)

dietary ["dai?t?ri] n. 规定的食物,饮食的规定;

adj. 饮食的,饭食的